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1836 "Gobrecht" Silver Dollar
The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
The reverse design features a bald eagle in flight, which closely resembles that later used on the obverse of the Flying Eagle cent. On some versions, the eagle is surrounded with a field of stars. The inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" appears in a semicircular arc above the eagle, and "ONE DOLLAR" below it.
The Gobrecht Dollar was a product of the suspension of silver dollar coinage being lifted in 1831. The coin features the first incarnation of the seated liberty obverse which would become standard on all silver issues in 1839. The Gobrechts were subject to sparse and irregular minting. The 1836 circulated variety is the only solid mintage figure with a minting of 1600 coins. This makes the Gobrecht Dollar one of the most expensive dollar type coins in United States coinage. Since they have the same obverse, these coins are often paired with the Seated Liberty Dollar which preceded these. Restrikes of these coins were made into the 1870s to please collectors. These restrikes are also rare and sparsely minted coins. These restrikes tend to be worth more than the regular issue coins minted in 1836.
Not since the 1792 half dimes were struck had so many Mint and other
government officials taken such a keen interest in the production of a new
coin. Mint Director Patterson, ambitious to make an artistic statement, hired
artist Thomas Sully to make sketches of a full figure of Liberty along the
lines of the allegorical figure Britannia seen on English coins. Patterson
retained noted painter Titian Peale to fashion the eagle for the reverse and
instructed newly hired Second Engraver Christian Gobrecht to translate the
designs to metal. Gobrecht's design was a composite of both Peale's and
Sully's works, as well as his own ideas. It was a masterful work and received
immediate acclaim. President Jackson and his Cabinet reviewed Gobrecht's
sketches on October 17, 1835 and were favorably impressed.
The final design featured the figure of Liberty seated on a rock, draped in a
loose-fitting gown suggesting statuary from Hellenistic Greece. She is looking
over her right shoulder, her right arm supporting the Union shield. Her left
arm holds a long pole with a Liberty cap on top. The entire central device
stands alone on the obverse with no stars or lettered devices, only the date
below, giving the coin a medallic quality, with Liberty a solitary, cameo
figure. A naturalistic eagle in flight adorns the reverse, the bird rising
"onward and upward" as Patterson ordered, a position intended to symbolize the
unbounded optimism that Americans had for the nation's future. The eagle flies
amid a field of 26 large and small stars, representing the thirteen original
states and the thirteen admitted to the Union since 1789 (anticipating
Michigan's entry).
By November 1836, all was ready for trial strikings in silver. A small number
(presumably 18 pieces) of the new dollars were distributed in Philadelphia.
Reaction was almost universally positive, with one exception. Patterson had
ordered Gobrecht to place his name on the new coin. He did so by inscribing C.
GOBRECHT F. in small letters in the field beneath the figure of Liberty the F.
standing for FECIT, Latin for "He made it." Gobrecht was criticized as a
"conceited German" and vilified in the local press. Patterson solved the
problem by having Gobrecht move his name to the base of the figure of Liberty,
visible only if one looks carefully at the coin. The eighteen or so pieces
struck with his name below the base are considered patterns and are very rare.
Regular production of Gobrecht dollars began sometime in December of 1836. The
1,000 regular issue dollars of 1836 were struck at the old 1792 standard
fineness of .8924. The same date was used for the 600 coins minted in March,
1837, but these pieces were produced from planchets .900 fine as authorized by
the Mint Act of 1837. So close in weight, the two issues are easily
differentiated by alignment: the 1837 dollars have a medallic alignment the
obverse and reverse are aligned on a vertical axis, while the 1836 coins have
a horizontal, or coin, alignment. All original dollars dated 1836 will show
the eagle flying "onward and upward," while the restrikes made in the 1850s
and `60s will have the eagle flying horizontally. The approximately 25 coins
made in 1838 are considered to be patterns, with thirteen stars around the
periphery of the obverse replacing the stars on the reverse fields. Only 300
dollars were struck in 1839 with Gobrecht's design, and all were intended for
circulation. These coins, like the 1838 patterns, have reeded edges.
Throughout the 19th century Gobrecht dollars were very popular with
collectors. In the late 1850s, demand far exceeded the available supply. Mint
Director James Ross Snowden, desirous of expanding the Mint's collection of
coins during his tenure, decided to take advantage of this situation. Funds
were not available for outright purchase of coins, so Snowden used Mint dies
to create numismatic curiosities such as the Class II and Class III 1804
dollars, "transitional" half dimes and dimes, and Gobrecht dollar restrikes.
He would then trade these restrikes and fantasy coins to local collectors for
rare coins lacking in the Mint collection. These restrikes were made from 1858
through the summer of 1860 and again in 1867-68. Actual numbers made are
unknown, but it is estimated that the total number of restrikes may exceed the
original mintage.
All Gobrecht dollars were struck in the Philadelphia Mint and all have a proof
finish, even the regular circulation issues of 1836 and 1837. This is a unique
phenomenon in U.S. numismatics the only series of coins intended for
circulation struck as proofs. Counterfeits are virtually unknown, perhaps
because of the proof surface, which is very difficult to duplicate. The design
first begins to show friction on Liberty's knees and breasts, and on the
highpoint of the eagle's breast on the reverse.
With the status of a regular issue coin, Gobrecht dollars are actively pursued
by type collectors. The most commonly encountered issue is the plain edge
1836-dated restrike with name on base and starry reverse. These restrikes
comprise more than two-thirds of the Gobrecht dollars offered at auction in
recent years, and they exist in a wide range of grades from heavily circulated
to gem condition. Date collectors occasionally attempt completion of a
three-piece set of coins with the dates 1836, 1838, and 1839, but very few
collectors undertake the challenge of a complete set of Gobrechts. Such a set
would be virtually impossible to assemble because of the several
obverse/reverse mulings made by Mint Director Snowden in the late 1850s.
Beginning in 1837, Gobrecht's Seated Liberty design was adopted on all U.S.
silver coins from half dime through dollar. The reverse with its naturalistic
eagle was dropped for the quarter, half dollar, and dollar denominations in
favor of a revision of John Reich's heraldic eagle of 1807. The obverse
design only slightly modified from Gobrecht's original concept was used on the
dollar until 1873.
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